经济学人双语精读TE-2023-06-01期考研英语杂志英文外刊|海洋学：海底下有什么？

6.01每日一篇|英语外刊社

Oceanography：What lies beneath

(资料图片仅供参考)

Much of Earth isunexplored.An ocean census hopes to change that

【1】“Earth” has always been an odd choice of name for the third planet from the Sun. After all, analienexaminingit through atelescopewould note that two-thirds of itssurfaceis covered not by earth at all, but by oceans of water.

【2】Because humans are land-lubbing animals, most of the Earth remains under-explored.marinebiologiststhink the oceans might host more than2m species ofmarineanimals, of which they have so far catalogued perhaps a tenth. Oceanographers are fond of pointing out that scientists havemappednearly all of the Martiansurface, but less than a quarter of theseabed.

【3】A newinitiativehopes to change this. Launched in London on April27th, Ocean Census aims to discover100,000new species ofmarineanimal over the coming decade. It is backed by Nekton, a Britishmarine-researchinstitute, and the Nipponfoundation, Japan’s biggestcharitablefoundation. Its first ship, the NorwegianicebreakerKronprins Haakon, setsailon April29th,boundfor the Barents Sea.

【4】Theinitiativeis happening now for two reasons. One is that, the longer scientists wait, the less there will be tocatalogue. Climate change is heating the oceans, as well as making them moreacidicas carbon dioxide dissolves into the water. Already around half the world’scoralreefs—thought to be home to around25% of all ocean species—have been lost. Oliver Steeds, Nekton’s founder and chiefexecutive, says that one of Ocean Census’sprioritieswill becataloguingspecies thought to be in the greatest danger from climate change. Otherwise, he says, the risk is of “the forestburningdown and not knowing what was there before [it] was lost”.

【5】The second reason is technological.marinebiologistsfind about2,000new species a year, a rate hardly changed since Darwin’s day. Ocean Census isbettingit can go faster. “Cybertaxonomy”, for instance, involves feeding DNAsequencesfrom animals into computers, which can quickly decide whether it is a new species. The ability to describe newcreatures, as well as simplycataloguingthem, has alsoimproved. Fancy cameras onremote-operatedvehicles, for instance, allow scientists to makelaserscans of deep-seacreaturessuch asjellyfishwithoutremovingthem from their habitat. Just as theimmensepressures of the deep sea arefatalfor humans, taking such ajellyfishto thesurfaceforexaminationreducesit togooeyslime.

【6】Ocean Census is not the first attempt toconductasystematicsurvey of life in the oceans. The Census ofmarineLife was a ten-year effort, begun in2000, to seek out new species. The Global OceansamplingExpedition, which ran from2004to2006, aimed tocataloguemicrobiallife in the sea bysamplingwaters from across the world. (It wasfundedby Craig Venter, abiologist-cum-entrepreneur, and carried out on his personalyacht.)

【7】Exactly what the new effort might turn up, of course, is impossible topredict. But history suggests it will befruitful. Half a century ago scientists discovered hotventson the sea bed that were home toorganismsliving happily in conditions that, until then, had been thought inimical to life. These days, suchventsare oneplausiblecandidatefor the origin of all life on Earth.

【8】There are more practical benefits, too. Many drugs, for example, comeoriginallyfrom biologicalcompounds. An ocean full of uncatalogued life will almostcertainlyprove a richseamfrom which to mine more. One type ofmarinesnail, Conusmagus, was recently discovered to produce a painkilling compound1,000times morepotentthanmorphine.

【9】To help make use of its data, Ocean Census plans to make it freely available to scientists and the public, who will be able to scour it for anything useful or surprising. The point ofexploration, after all, is that you never know what you might find.

①短语：

1.原文：Oceanographersare fond ofpointing out that scientists have mapped nearly all of the Martian surface

词典：befondof爱好；喜欢

例句：He is fond of pouncing upon the other"s slips of tongue.

他就喜欢抓住别人的口误大做文章。

2.原文：Its first ship, the Norwegian icebreaker Kronprins Haakon, set sail on April 29th

词典：set sail启航

例句：They set sail with the first fair wind.

顺风一起他们就扬帆出航了。

3.原文：the Norwegian icebreaker Kronprins Haakon, set sail on April 29th, bound forthe Barents Sea.

词典：bound for 开往

例句：The ship was bound for Italy.

这艘船是开往意大利的。

4.原文：thought tobe home to around 25% of all ocean species

词典：be home to 拥有

例句：Pakistan is home to 200 million people.

巴基斯坦有2亿人口。

5.原文：the forest burning downand not knowing what was there before [it] was lost”.

词典：burndown烧毁；减弱

例句：Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.

点燃炉子，你可能会把房子烧掉。

6.原文：Census of Marine Life was a ten-year effort, begun in 2000, to seek outnew species.

词典：seek out 寻找；找出

例句：Seek out new evidence, develop new methods, and consider many points of view.

寻找新的证据，研究新的方法，并考虑许多观点。

7.原文：It was funded by Craig Venter, a biologist-cum-entrepreneur, and carried out on his personal yacht.

词典：carryout开展

例句：Make sure the firm is competent to carry out the work.

要确保这家公司有能力完成这项工作。

8.原文：Exactly what the new effort might turn up,of course, is impossible to predict.

词典：turn up 出现；找到

例句：It wouldn"t be quite the thing to turn up in running gear.

穿着跑步的运动服出现在这场合可不大成体统。

9.原文：until then, hadbeenthought inimical tolife.

词典：beinimicalto对...有害

例句：These policies are inimical to the interests of society.

这些政策有损于社会的利益。

②长难句

1.原文：“Cyber taxonomy”, for instance,involvesfeedingDNA sequencesfrom animals into computers, which can quickly decide whether it is a new species.

2.分析：本句的结构为主谓结构，主语“Cyber taxonomy，谓语involves，feeding为现在分词作宾语；后面是which引导的定语从句，修饰computers，也是从句的主语，从句谓语为can decide，从句的宾语是宾语从句whether it is a new species.。

3.译文：例如，“网络分类法”将动物的DNA序列输入计算机，计算机可以快速确定它是否是新物种。

1.原文：Half a century agoscientists discovered hot ventson the sea bed that were home to organisms living happily in conditions that,until then, had been thought inimical tolife.

2.分析：本句是主谓宾结构，句子主语是scientists ，谓语discovered ，宾语为hot vents；on the sea bed为地点状语；第一个that引导的定语从句，修饰hot vents；living happily为修饰organisms的现在分词作定语，in condition表是地点状语；第二个that修饰conditions，引导定语从句，后面从句的主语是that，指conditions，谓语为had been thought。

3.译文：半个世纪前，科学家们在海床上发现了热喷口，这些喷口是生物的幸福家园。在此之前，人们一直认为这种环境对生命有害。

③写作技巧:

It is backed by Nekton, a British marine-research institute。

它得到了英国海洋研究机构Nekton的支持。

表达： be backed by，“由…支持”，写作时表示“支持，促进”时，可以使用该表达来替换support。

例句：All of those small mercenary countries that we see in this region are backed by America.

我们在该地区看到的这些趋炎附势的小国家都有美国做后盾。

④背景知识：

海洋生物普查计划（Census of Marine Life，COML）：20世纪90年代，由美国率先开展，并逐渐发展为45个国家和地区参加的，调查世界大洋海洋生物多样性、分布和丰度等的国际海洋研究十年计划。海洋蕴藏着丰富的资源，它不但提供人类重要的动物蛋白质来源，同时也因调节气候、产生氧气而成为地球上最大的维生系统(life supporting sys-tem)，是人类可否永续存活的关键。海洋是地球上所有生命的起源之地，是培育生命的摇篮。海洋生物不但是基础科学研究的重要材料，在遗传资源利用、医药、民生、保健、能源、旅游及仿生材料等方面的应用则更是潜力无穷, 是未来的明星产业对象。

⑤段落大意：

【1】海洋占地球大部分面积

【2】人类对海洋的探索还很少

【3】海洋普查计划介绍

【4】&【5】发起计划的两个原因

【6】海洋普查计划为期十年

【7】&【8】发起海洋计划的好处

【9】海洋普查计划数据为大众共享

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